Academic and formal English: English by topic
Academic and formal English is for anyone who writes essays, reports and business letters or is preparing for a high-level exam. Here precision and polite caution matter. At C1 you will find verbs and adjectives for essays (to underpin, to substantiate, empirical), discourse markers for building an argument (nonetheless, albeit, by the same token) and hedging language (arguably, to some extent, it would appear that). C2 adds formal, legal and literary register: hitherto, henceforth, aforementioned, to ascertain. Start with C1 if you write in English for work or study, and move on to C2 when you want to read official and older texts without a dictionary.
Words on this topic
- although
- arguably
- notwithstanding
- to underpin
- hitherto
- despite
- seemingly
- nonetheless
- to substantiate
- henceforth
- however
- presumably
- albeit
- to postulate
- aforementioned
- C1 Advanced,
Hedging and softening language
Cautious words and phrases that make claims sound less absolute in essays, reports and polite discussion.
20 cards - C1 Advanced,
Discourse markers for structuring an argument
Linking words and phrases for conceding, contrasting, concluding and adding points in essays and debates.
20 cards - C1 Advanced,
Academic vocabulary for essays and reports
Verbs, adjectives and nouns that make essays, reports and research summaries sound precise and academic.
20 cards